LODHRA (SYMPLOCOS RACEMOSA ROXB.) IN GYNAECOLOGICAL DISORDERS: CLASSICAL USE AND EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE — A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Lodhra, the stem bark of Symplocos racemosa Roxb., is one of the most frequently used drugs in Ayurvedic gynaecology. It is a constituent of classical formulations for abnormal uterine bleeding (Asrigdara or Pradara), vaginal discharge (Shweta pradara) and local therapies for Yonivyapad, and is widely sold in proprietary "uterine tonics". Its scientific evaluation has, however, been uneven. Objective: To review the classical description of Lodhra and its gynaecological indications, and to summarise the phytochemical, experimental and clinical evidence relevant to these uses. Methods: Classical texts (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya and Bhavaprakasha Nighantu) were reviewed for the properties, group memberships and gynaecological formulations of Lodhra. PubMed was searched up to October 2026 for studies on Symplocos racemosa and related species. Findings were synthesised narratively. Results: Classically, Lodhra is astringent, cold and Kapha-Pitta pacifying, and is placed in the Shonitasthapana (haemostatic), Sandhaniya (union-promoting) and Purishasangrahaniya (stool-binding) groups, which explains its use in bleeding and discharge disorders. Phytochemical studies report phenolic glycosides, triterpenoids such as betulinic and oleanolic acids, flavonoids and anthraquinones. Experimental studies show stimulation of gonadotropin release and folliculogenesis in immature rats, absence of estrogenic activity in a uterotrophic assay, androgenic activity in a yeast bioassay, and antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and wound-healing effects. No randomised clinical trial of Lodhra as a single drug in any gynaecological condition was identified. Conclusion: The classical indications of Lodhra are biologically plausible, particularly for discharge and local mucosal conditions, but its reputation in menstrual and fertility disorders rests on traditional use and a small number of animal studies. Standardised preparations, safety testing and controlled clinical trials are needed.